The references below are listed in the order they were used throughout the nine parts of The Cholesterol Myth.
J W Gofman, et al. The role of lipids and lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Science. 1950; 111:
166.
J P Strong, H C McGill jr. The natural history of coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1962;
440: 37.
W F Enos, R H Holmes, J Beyer. Coronary disease among United States soldiers killed in action
in Korea. Preliminary report. JAMA 1953; 152: 1090.
A Keys. Atherosclerosis: a problem in newer public health. J Mt Sinai Hosp. 1953; 20: 118.
J M McMichael. Fats and atheroma: an inquest. BMJ. 1979; 279: 890.
- Diet and coronary disease. Acta Med Scand. 1980; 207(3): 151.
E B Smith, R H Smith. Early changes in aortic intima. Atheroscler Rev. 1976; I: 119.
V J Wass, et al. Does the nephrotic syndrome increase the risk of cardiovascular disease? Lancet.
1979; ii: 664.
R A Moore. Variation in serum cholesterol. Lancet. 1988; ii: 682.
Editorial. Virus infections and atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1978; ii: 821.
J L Houghton, T W von Dohlen, M J Frank. Myocardial ischaemia without atherosclerosis.
Postgrad Med. 1989; 86 (5): 121.
J M Woodhill, et al. Low fat, low cholesterol diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart
disease. In: D Kritschevky, R Paoletti, W L Holmes Eds. Drugs, lipid metabolism and
atherosclerosis. New York: Plenum Press, 1978: 317.
Diet and Cardiovascular Disease. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food. DHSS. 1984.
W B Kannel and T Gordon. The Framingham Diet Study: diet and the regulations of serum
cholesterol (Sect 24). Washington DC, Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, 1970.
W B Kannel and W P Castelli. Is serum cholesterol an anachronism? Lancet. 1979; 2: 950.
M W Gillman, et al. Inverse association of dietary fat with development of ischemic stroke in men.
JAMA 1997; 278: 2145.
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. J A M A. 1982; 248: 1465.
A B Nichols, et al. Daily nutritional intake and serum lipid levels: The Tecumseh Study. Am J Clin
Nutr. 1976; 29: 1384.
World Health Organisation. European Collaborative Group. Multi-factorial trial in the prevention
of coronary heart disease: 3. Incidence and mortality results. Eur Heart J. 1983; 4: 141
J T Salonen, et al. Changes in morbidity and mortality during comprehensive community
programme to control cardiovascular diseases during 1972-1977 in North Karelia. BMJ. 1979;
iv: 1178.
P Puska. The North Karelia Project: a community based programme for the prevention of heart and
vascular disease. Duodecim (Helsinki). 1985; 101(23): 2281.
Lipid Research Clinic Programme. LRC-CPPT results. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart
disease. J A M A. 1984; 251: 351.
V Ravnskov. Cholesterol lowering trials in coronary heart disease: frequency of citation and
outcome. BMJ 1992; 305: 15.
W A Gortner. Nutrition in the United States, 1900 to 1974. Cancer Res. 1975; 35: 3246.
D J P Barker, C Osmond. Diet and coronary heart disease in England and Wales during and after
the Second World War. J Epidemiol Com Hlth. 1986; 40: 37
P M McKeigne, G P Miller and M G Marmot. Coronary heart disease in South Asians overseas: A
review. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989; 42(7): 597.
M G Marmot. Interpretation of Trends in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality. Acta Med Scand. 1985
(Suppl); 701: 58.
R Beaglehole, et al. Cholesterol and mortality in New Zealand Maoris. BMJ. 1980; 1: 285.
E H Ahrens. Dietary fats and coronary heart disease: unfinished business. Lancet. 1979; 2: 1345.
J Dedichen. Cholesterol and arteriosclerosis again. Are we on the wrong track? T Norske
Laegeforen. 1976; 16: 915.
M L Pearce, S Dayton. Incidence of cancer in men on a diet high in polyunsaturated fat. Lancet.
1971; 1: 464.
A F Hofmann, T C Northfield, J L Thistle. Can a cholesterol-lowering diet cause gallstones? New
Eng J Med. 1973; 288 (1): 46.
W C Willett, et al. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women.
Lancet 1993; 341: 581.
K K Carroll. Dietary fats and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1064S.
T France, P Brown. Test-tube cancers raise doubts over fats. New Scientist, 7 December 1991, p
12.
R Kearney. Promotion and prevention of tumour growth -effects of endotoxin, inflammation and
dietary lipids. Int Clin Nutr Rev 1987; 7: 157.
P R Uldall, et al. Lancet 1974; ii: 514.
M Balter. Europe: as many cancers as cuisines. Science 1991; 254: 114
H K Koh. Cutaneous melanoma. N Eng J Med 1991; 325: 171.
R MacKie, J A A Hunter, et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma, Scotland, 1979-89. Lancet 1992;
339: 971.
H Takematsu, et al. Melanoma in Japan: experience at Tohoku University Hospital Sendai. In: C
M Balch, G W Milton, eds. Cutaneous Melanoma. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1984: 499.
G A Rose, et al. Corn oil in treatment of ischaemic heart disease. BMJ 1965; 1: 1531-33.
A Wolk, et al. A Prospective Study of Association of Monounsaturated Fat and Other Types of Fat
With Risk of Breast Cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158: 41-45
C Ip, J A Scimeca, Thompson H. Effect of timing and duration of dietary conjugated linoleic acid
on mammary cancer prevention. Nutr Cancer. 1995; 24: 241.
C desBordes, MA Lea. Effects of C18 fatty acid isomers on DNA synthesis in hepatoma and breast
cancer cells. Anticancer-Res. 1995; 15: 2017-21
D P Burkitt, et al. Some geographical variations in disease patterns in East and Central Africa. E
Afr Med J. 1963; 40: 1.
H C Trowell. Fibre and irritable bowels. BMJ. 1974; 3: 44.
- Dietary fibre, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Proc Nutr Soc. 1973; 32: 151.
C Y Francis, P J Whorwell. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal. Lancet 1994;
344: 39.
F Swain, et al. Comparison of the effects of oat bran and low-fiber wheat on serum lipoprotein
levels and blood pressure. New Eng J Med. 1990; 322(3): 147.
W E Connor. Dietary fiber - nostrum or critical nutrient? New Eng J Med. 1990; 322 (3): 193.
E Marshall. Diet Advice, with a Grain of Salt and a Large Helping of Pepper. Science. 1986; 231:
537.
M J Lichtenstein, et al. Heart rate, employment status and prevalent ischaemic heart disease
confound relationship between cereal fibre intake and blood pressure. J Epid Comm Hlth. 1986;
40(4): 330.
D Norman, et al. The impact of dietary fat and fibre on intestinal carcinogenesis. Prev Med. 1987;
(4): 554.
I MacDonald. Nonsense and non-science in nutrition.. Proc Nutr Soc. 1983; 42: 513
Anon. BMJ. 1986; 292: 494.
J L Kelsay. A review of research on effect of fibre intake on man. Am J of Clin Nutr. 1978; (31):
142.
K Kaneko, et al. Effect of fibre on protein, fat and calcium digestibilities and fecal cholesterol
excretion. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1986; 32(3): 317.
D Kritchevsky. Fibre and cancer. In Dietary Fibre: Basic and Clinical Aspects. (G V Vahouny
and D Kritchevsky eds.) p427. Plenum, NY. 1986.
- Dietary studies of cancer of the large bowel in the animal model. Ibid p469.
H S Wasan, R A Goodlad. Fiber-supplemented foods may damage your health. Lancet 1996; 348:
319-20.
C S Fuchs, et al. Dietary Fiber and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Adenoma in Women. N Eng
J Med 1999; 340: 169.
G Gerutti, et al. Phytic acid in bran and in 'natural' foods. Bolletino Chimico Farmaceutico, Milan.
J Stevens, et al. Effect of psyllium gum and wheat bran on spontaneous energy intake. Am J Clin
Nutr. 1987; 46: 812.
Editorial. The Bran Wagon. Lancet. 1987; i: 782.
Y P Suri. The Bran Wagon. Lancet. 1987; ii: 42.
G S Bindra and R S Gibson. Iron status of predominantly lacto-ovo-vegetarian East Indian
immigrants to Canada: a model approach. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986; 44: 643.
J R Turnlund, et al. A stable isotope study of zinc absorption in young men: effects of phytate and
alpha-cellulose. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984; 40: 1071.
B Sandstrom, et al. The effects of vegetables and beet fibre on the absorption of zinc in humans
from composite meals. Br J Nutr. 1987; 58 (1): 49.
L Hallberg, et al. Phytates and the inhibitory effect of bran on iron absorption in man. Am J Clin
Nutr. 1987; 45(5): 988.
R Balasubraminian, et al. Effect of wheat bran on bowel function and fecal calcium in older adults.
J Am Coll Nutr. 1987; 6(3): 199.
J Hallfisch, et al. Mineral balances of men and women consuming high fibre diets with complex or
simple carbohydrate. J Nutr. 1987; 117(2): 403.
Fractured neck of femur: prevention and management. A report of the Royal College of
Physicians, London. 1989.
Editorial: Why so many fractured hips? Lancet. 1989; 1: 57.
A M Fehily. Dietary determinants of bone mass and fracture risk: a review. J Hum Nutr and Diet.
1989; 2: 299.
M J Wargovich, A R Baer. Basic and Clinical Investigations of Dietary Calcium in the Prevention
of Colorectal Cancer. Prev Med. 1989; 18: 672.
BBC. Horizon: The Poison That Waits. BBC2 broadcast 16 Jan 1989.
N Bishop, M McGraw and N Ward. Aluminium in infant formulas. Lancet. 1989; i: 490.
B E Golden, M H N Golden. Plasma zinc, rate of weight gain and the energy cost of tissue
deposition in children recovering from malnutrition on cows' milk or a soya protein based diet.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1981; 34: 892.
A Prasad. The role of zinc in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol. 1983; 12: 713.
P Aggett, N Davies. Some nutritional aspects of trace elements. J Inter Metab Dis. 1983; 6(2): 22.
M Hambidge. The role of zinc and other trace metals in paediatric nutrition and health. Paediat
Clin N Am. 1977; 24: 95.
D Bryce-Smith, R Simpson. Anorexia, depression and zinc deficiency. Lancet. 1984; ii: 1162.
V Fonesca, C Harvard. Electrolyte disturbances and cardiac failure with hypomagnesaemia in
anorexia nervosa. BMJ. 1985; 291: 1680
N Meadows, et al. Zinc and small babies. Lancet. 1981; ii: 1135.
D Bryce-Smith. Environmental chemical influences on behaviour and mentation. John Jeyes
lecture. Chem Soc Rev. 1986; 15: 93.
A McMichael, et al. A prospective study of serial maternal zinc levels and pregnancy outcome.
Early Human Development. 1982 (Elsevier); 7: 59.
D Addy. Happiness is: iron. BMJ. 1986; 292: 969
E M Luk'ianova. Diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency rickets. Pediatriia. 1988;(3):15.
R Adelman. Nutritional rickets. Am J Dis Child. 1988; 142(4): 414.
M R Clements. The problem of rickets in UK Asians. J Hum Nutr Diet, 1989; 2: 105.
R E Hughes. A new look at dietary fibre. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1986; 40c: 81.
R E Hughes, E Johns. Apparent relation between dietary fibre and reproductive function in the
female. Ann Hum Biol. 1985; 12: 325.
T Lloyd, et al. Inter-relationships of diet, athletic activity, menstrual status and bone density in
collegiate women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987; 46: 681.
D A T Southgate. Minerals, trace elements and potential hazards. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987; 45: 1256.
S Yusuf, C D Furberg. Single factor trials: control through lifestyle changes. In A G Olsson, ed.
Atherosclerosis. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone, 1987: 389.
Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial: I. Reduction in incidence of coronary
heart disease. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to
cholesterol lowering. J A M A. 1984; 251: 351.
Committee of Principle Investigators: World Health Organization co-operative trial on primary
prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: the final
mortality follow up. Lancet. 1984; ii: 379.
M H Frick, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle aged
men with dyslipidemia. New Eng J Med. 1987; 317: 1237.
Coronary Drug Project Research Group: Gall bladder disease as a side effect of drugs influencing
lipid metabolism. New Eng J Med. 1977; 296: 1185.
M N G Dukes. Drugs affecting lipid metabolism. in: Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs, Ninth Edition.
M N G Dukes ed. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1980.
S Yusuf, J Cutler. Single factor trials: drug studies. in A G Olsson, ed. Atherosclerosis. Edinburgh:
Churchill-Livingstone, 1987: 389.
G Davey Smith, F Song, TA Sheldon. Cholesterol lowering and mortality: the importance of
considering initial level of risk. BMJ 1993; 306: 1367.
A J McMichael, et al. Dietary and endogenous cholesterol and human cancer. Epidemiol Rev.
1984; 6: 192.
F Cambien, et al. Total serum cholesterol and cancer mortality in a middle aged male population.
Am J Epid. 1980; 112: 388.
M R Garcia-Palmieri, et al. An apparent inverse relation- ship between serum cholesterol and
cancer mortality in Puerto Rico. Am J Epid. 1981; 114: 29.
D Kozarevic, et al. Serum cholesterol and mortality: the Yugoslavian cardiovascular diseases
study. Am J Epid. 1981; 114: 21.
R A Hiatt, B H Fireman. Serum cholesterol and the incidence of cancer in a large cohort. J Chronic
Dis. 1986; 39: 861.
A Schatzkin, et al. Serum cholesterol and cancer in the NHANES I epidemiologic follow up study.
Lancet. 1987; ii: 298.
A Kagan, et al. Serum cholesterol and mortality in a Japanese-American population: the Honolulu
heart program. Am J Epid. 1981; 114: 11.
C G Isles, et al. Plasma cholesterol, coronary heart disease and cancer in the Renfrew and Paisley
survey. BMJ. 1989; 298: 920.
S J Winawer, et al. Declining Serum Cholesterol Levels Prior to Diagnosis of Colon Cancer.
JAMA. 1990; 263 (15): 2083.
Takashi Shimamoto, et al. Trends for Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke and Their Risk Factors in
Japan. Circulation. 1989; 3: 503.
M W Gillman, et al. Inverse association of dietary fat with development of ischemic stroke in men.
JAMA 1997; 278: 2145.
AWE Weverling-Rijnsburger, et al. Total cholesterol and risk of mortality in the oldest old. Lancet
1997; 350: 1119-23.
A Jonsson, H Sigvaldason, N Sigfusson. Total cholesterol and mortality after age 80 years. Lancet.
1997; 350: 1778-9.
Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease: new perspectives based on the Framingham
Study. Ann Int Med. 1979; 90: 85-91.
F M Corrigan, et al. Dietary supplementation with zinc sulphate, sodium selenite and fatty acids in
early dementia of Altzeimer's Type II: Effects on lipids. J Nutr Med 1991; 2: 265-71.
J Foreman. Cholesterol curb urged for children over 2. The Boston Globe 9 April 1991: 1, 4.
Child mortality under age 5 per 1,000. 1992 Britannia Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Chicago.
S Hulley, et al. Editorial on Conference on low blood cholesterol. Circulation 1992; 86 (3):
1026-9
Report on the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Conference on low blood cholesterol:
Mortality associations. Circulation 1992; 86 (3): 1046-60.
M F Oliver. Reducing Cholesterol Does Not Reduce Mortality. JACC. 1988; 12(3): 814.
J McCormick and P Skrabanek. Coronary heart disease is not preventable by population
interventions. Lancet. 1988; ii: 839.
P S Bachorik, T A Cloey, C A Finney, D R Lowry, D M Becker. Lipoprotein-cholesterol analysis
during screening: accuracy and reliability. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 741-7.
G L Myers, et al. College of American Pathologists - Centres for Disease Control collaborative
study for evaluating reference materials for total serum cholesterol measurement. Arch Pathol
Lab Med 1990; 114: 1199-1205.
A L Cochrane, W W Holland. Validation of screening procedures. Brit Med Bull. 1971; 27: 3.
I Sharp, M Rayner. Cholesterol testing with desk-top machines. Lancet. 1990; i: 55.
H Bakwin. Pseudodoxia Pediatrica. N Eng J Med. 1945; 232: 691.
L H Garland. Studies on the accuracy of diagnostic procedures. Am J Roentgenology, Radium
Therapy and Nucl Med. 1959; 82: 25.
O Peterson, E M Barsamian, M Eden. A study of diagnostic performance: A preliminary report. J
Med Educ. 1966; 41: 797.
H E Sigerist. From Bismarck to Beveridge: Developments and trends in social security legislation.
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 13 (1943): 365.
Office of Health Economics, Prospects in Health Publication No. 37. London, 1971.
Registrar General's Mortality (Cause) Statistics 1961 to 1995.
A M Fehily, et al. Diet and incident ischaemic heart disease: the Caerphilly Study. Br J Nutr 1993;
69: 303.
H Shibata, et al. Nutrition for the Japanese elderly. Nutr. Health. 1992; 8(2-3): 165-75
P S Bachorik, T A Cloey, C A Finney, D R Lowry, D M Becker. Lipoprotein-cholesterol analysis
during screening: accuracy and reliability. Ann Int Med 1991; 114: 741.
Lyon DM, Dunlop DM.. The treatment of obesity: a comparison of the effects of diet and of
thyroid extract. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 1932; 1: 331-52
S C Wooley, D M Garner. Dietary treatments for obesity are ineffective. Br Med J 1994;309:
655.
AF Heini, RL Weinsier. Divergent trends in obesity and fat intake patterns: the American
paradox.. Am J Med 1997; 102: 259-64
YD Chen, et al. Why do low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets accentuate postprandial lipemia in
patients with NIDDM? Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 10-16
J Jeppeson, et al. Effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on risk factors for ischemic heart
disease in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 1027-33
F Abbasi, et al. High carbohydrate diets, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and coronary heart disease
risk. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 45-48
Castelli WP. Arch Int Med 1992; 152: 1371-1372
S Franceschi, et al. Intake of macronutrients and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 1996; 347: 1351-6
M D. Holmes, et al. Association of Dietary Intake of Fat and Fatty Acids With Risk of Breast
Cancer. JAMA. 1999; 281: 914.
W Banting. Letter on Corpulence addressed to the Public. 1863.
N Rojas, AF Sanchi. Hypoglycemia and delinquents. Arch Legal Med 1941; 11: 29
J Yudkin. Sucrose and cardiovascular disease. Proc Nutr Soc 1972; 31: 331-7
C La Vecchia, et al. Refined-sugar intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in humans. Int J
Cancer 1993; 55: 386-9;
RM Bostick, et al. Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer
incidence in Iowa women. Cancer Causes Control. 1994; 5: 38-52.
Back to index
By Barry Groves
For more articles by Barry Groves exposing dietary and medical misinformation see Second Opinions